I don't believe you. A little thought would show that this is impossible.
The difference between 440 cycles and 465 cycles corresponds exactly to one
semitone, in which case the music is transposed into a higher key.
A great deal has been written about the history of the standards for pitch.
I'm not going to get into this subject here except to make one point which
is almost universally ignored. If a record does not sound right at 440
cycles, transfer engineers try it at 435. However, the pitch of 435 cycles
is defined with respect to a temperature of 15 degrees centigrade, which is
about 59 Fahrenheit. The pitch of 440 cycles is defined with reference to a
temperature of 20 degrees centigrade or 68 Fahrenheit. If you correct for
the differences in temperature there isn't much difference in the standards.
Also, pitch is inversely proportional to humidity.
Another point worth making is that the pitch of an orchestra tends to rise
as it warms up; for example, in the course of an Act of an opera. Transfer
engineers tend to edit out this significant factor in issues of live
recordings.
If you look at Moran's determination of pitch for Victor electric recordings
you will begin to get an idea of how much variation there is in practice.
I suggest reading the chapter on pitch in Michael Henstock's biography of
Fernando de Lucia.
In general, a difference of half of one per cent is not noticeable. A
difference of one per cent is tolerable. Two per cent is unacceptable. It
changes the character of a voice, especially an operatic voice and is two
thirds of the way to a quarter-tone. Strangely however, there are some
records which are difficult to place in the correct key. For example, Ward
Marston couldn't make up his mind about a group of Patti's recordings and
transferred them both ways.
Those of us who are interested in early vocals can outdo audiophiles in
crankiness by matching both the temperature and humidity of the original
recording venue.
Steve Abrams
----- Original Message -----
From: "Malcolm Smith" <[log in to unmask]>
To: <[log in to unmask]>
Sent: Wednesday, June 24, 2009 4:26 PM
Subject: Re: [ARSCLIST] Recording Speed
> In the late nineteenth century Adlina Patti threatened to go on strike in
> London if tuning to 465 was continued at the Opera house! Perhaps this
> was the first attempt to standardize pitch for singers. She was the one
> singer there at the time who had the clout to do this. Early records and
> accounts would suggest that the effort only worked in London. There are
> references, if my memory serves to 421 1/2 in France and I've also read
> complaints that the orchestra in Vienna's opera house was especially
> sharp. We've all witnessed the first violin in orchestras providing a
> pitch for the tuning of the string section. Simply pitching early
> recordings to 440 doesn't always work though it's a place to start. The
> other problem is that early records often are not a constant speed from
> beginning to end. I won't do more than suggest it but the way organs were
> tuned brings up a whole different aspect of this subject.
>
> Malcolm Smith.
>
> On Jun 23, 2009, at 2:04 PM, Steven Smolian wrote:
>
>> Usually A=440. From 1916 on, certainly 440 in the US if newer musical
>> instruments were used. The Navy recognized 440 that year, followed by
>> the National Bureau of Standards then or the year following- I forget
>> which. This may have been abetted by our impending entry into WWI.
>> Years ago I gave an ARSC talk on this subject, not published.
>>
>> Thus all US military and reserve bands were to use 440 and replace
>> instruments if they were incapable of or, perhaps, awkward at, tuning to
>> this A. The "Charles Ives" effect of bands playing at different pitches
>> (his "Three Places in New England") may have been limited to amateur and
>> municipal bands without funds to reequip themselves.
>>
>> I'm convinced that this brought a bunch of older band instruments into
>> the surplus market at much reduced prices. They may have gone to hock
>> shops or been given to servants (in those days, many even lower class
>> households had them.) I've long assumed the funky sound of some early
>> jazz bands on record was a result of this technology transfer. I once
>> mentioned this to Guther Schuller who disagreed, but I still think this
>> aspect of musical history needs further exploring.
>>
>> In the early 1960s I talked with a fellow at Steinway who tuned the
>> pianos at the Victor Studios. He told me that he worked on pianos used
>> at the time of Caruso's recording sessions to A=440. Caruso died in
>> August, 1921 so that gives a "no later than" date.
>>
>> Starr Piano Company didn't make Steinway-quality instruments but one
>> assumes they took sufficient care with Gennetts to present their studio
>> instruments in tune, seeing the records as, in part, a promotional tool.
>> I have an H&D Gennett which advertises their pianos rather than records.
>> I'm not sure at what pitch (from the pine) Wisconsin Chairs resonated
>> to.
>>
>> Steve Smolian
>>
>>
>> ----- Original Message ----- From: "Don Chichester" <[log in to unmask]>
>> To: <[log in to unmask]>
>> Sent: Tuesday, June 23, 2009 4:25 PM
>> Subject: Re: [ARSCLIST] Recording Speed
>>
>>
>>>
>>> I have one of those 'dog whistles'. 8>)
>>> I guess I was referring to a reference tone, not a pilot tone. Tuning
>>> A.
>>> What was that frequency back in the 'teens?
>>> Don Chichester
>>>
>>> In a message dated 6/23/2009 4:16:34 P.M. Eastern Daylight Time,
>>> [log in to unmask] writes:
>>>
>>> From: Don Chichester <[log in to unmask]>
>>>> Re: pilot tone. Is this what is recorded on some Euopean acoustics
>>>> back in the early 'teens? If so, what is their pitch? Don Chichester
>>>
>>> A pilot tone is recorded continuously with the entire recording from
>>> beginning to end. It is sent into a resolver which steadys it which
>>> will restore the recording to original pitch and undo any variations
>>> in
>>> speed that might have happened during recording. It will be either
>>> filtered out of the sound recording, or is recorded 2-track out-
>>> of-phase
>>> and will disappear when played with a full-track mono head. This
>>> allows
>>> the tape to be synced with the film which is assumed to run at a
>>> constant 24 frames per second. What you might be referring to is a
>>> reference tone like what I mentioned with the Sarasate records where a
>>> tuning A was played in a separate band at the end of the side. I
>>> don't
>>> know of any others -- maybe our European collectors do. Unless you
>>> are
>>> thinking about the high pitched chattering that sometimes is recorded
>>> on
>>> wax master discs that get too warm. Since these are heard especially
>>> on
>>> early Victor Orthophonics, they are often called "His Master's
>>> Dogwhistle".
>>>
>>> Mike Biel [log in to unmask]
>>>
>>>
>>> In a message dated 6/23/2009 2:58:27 P.M. Eastern Daylight Time,
>>> [log in to unmask] writes:
>>>
>>> From: Doug Pomeroy <[log in to unmask]>
>>>> Thanks Mike.
>>>> I was most confused by George's reference to "the counter", which
>>>> appeared with no explanation that I could find.
>>>
>>> It was hidden away a few sentences earlier, at the end of the second
>>> sentence of the part I'm reprinting below.
>>>
>>>
>>>> > The frequency of the calibration track? It was calculated to be
>>>> > 10 times the rpm of the turntable, in other words, at 78 rpm it
>>>> > gave out 780 Hz, suitable for a frequency counter. In use of the
>>>> > tape as a secondary master, the content could be de-chipmunked
>>>> > by changing the speed of the tape recorder, and the tape rewound
>>>> > to the calibration track, which was measured by the counter and
>>>> > would give the rpm of the original record at the de-chipmunked
>>>> speed.
>>>
>>>> It is much simpler than I thought. Doug
>>>
>>> I believe as turntables with internal speed counters became more
>>> common,
>>> George backed away from mass producing the little calibration discs,
>>> but
>>> now more than ever with digitization of recordings being made without
>>> documentation of rotational speed, this would be a quick and easy way
>>> to
>>> supply a notation of rotational speed in just one extra step. If all
>>> records had been made with a reference tone like the Seresate records,
>>> things would be so much easier!
>>>
>>> While we are on the subject of using known frequency tones to
>>> determine
>>> speed, the ARSC presentation of the Early Sounds project explained
>>> that
>>> Leon Scott's Phonautograph continuously recorded a tuning fork tone
>>> alongside of the sound, which now enables the constant speed playback
>>> of
>>> these hand-driven pre-tinfoil recordings. This is now called the
>>> "Pilot
>>> Tone" system, and is still used to synchronize sproketless- analogue
>>> tape
>>> sound with motion picture film. I don't think this has ever been
>>> discussed, but not only did Leon Scott apparently invent sound
>>> recording, he also apparently invented the Pilot Tone speed resolution
>>> system.
>>>
>>> Mike Biel [log in to unmask]
>>>
>>>
>>>> Date: Mon, 22 Jun 2009 11:23:26 -0700
>>>> From: Michael Biel <[log in to unmask]>
>>>> Subject: Re: (Fwd) [ARSCLIST] Fwd: Recording Speed
>>>>
>>>> I understand what George is saying partially because I've seen him
>>>> do it and I am lucky enough to have one of his calibration discs.
>>>> In case Doug and others still do not understand it, Doug's snip
>>>> cut out the important info and left in material that has no
>>>> meaning without the snipped part.
>>>>
>>>>
>>>> In 1982 George commissioned a 7-inch pressing made of a 450 Hz.
>>>> tone cut at 45.0 RPM. That disc can be played at any RPM and a
>>>> frequency
>>>> counter will show a reading that is 10 times that RPM. (Play it at
>>>> 73.7
>>> RPM
>>>> and it shows 737.0 Hz. 78.26 shows 782.6 Hz. Etc.) If you have a
>>>> frequency counter handy, you can find what rotational speed you are
>>> using. BUT,
>>>> if you include a few seconds of that calibration disc played on the
>>>> same turntable at the time of your transfer of the record you are
>>>> working on, then later on that frequency can be read with a counter
>>>> and
>>> at any
>>>> time you can establish the rotational speed you used. It's like an
>>> audible
>>>> strobe disc that has the unique ability to be recorded, and it is as
>>>> accurate as your frequency counter is. Sure, you could use a normal
>>>> test disc of, say, a 1000 Hz. tone, but George's disc is more
>>>> directly
>>>> readable without using math to have to determine percentage of 1000
>>>> Hz. whatever tone you used.
>>>>
>>>> Mike Biel [log in to unmask]
>>>
>>>
>>>
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