A standard that lets the same thing be done 2 ways (URL and XML) is going to fail. Oh, did I mention that ftp has two ways of transferring data (passive mode and active mode which determine whether a known port is used or whether a port is agreed between client and server), e-mail has numerous ways of encoding attachments, Unicode has numerous encoding formats (UTF-8 UTF-16 etc.) - all abject failures of course ;-) And just how many ways are there of doing the same thing in traditional Z39.50? (I'll shut up on this issue now) Matthew