Here's my take on this exchange. Science is great. Science is useful. Long live the science of sound. But any science is only as good as its concepts and tools of measurement. For audio science those tools have developed greatly in the past decade and I assume they will continue to. Steve's anecdote that many techies saw no problem with early digital illustrates that they did not have the tools to "see" what the audiophile and engineer could hear, that it sounded like poop. Similarly, Steve seems to be suggesting that there could be other factors in the conversion from wav. to CD-audio that aren't picked up by the current tools of measurement, but which he can hear. Or if he's not suggesting that, I am. I don't think that's all that outrageous. I've heard stories about the early days of hi-fi and the measurements used by technicians and advertisers of equipment. THD, was a big one, still is I guess. But manufacturers found ways to make their measurements look good usually at the expense of sound quality. Tested great, sounded terrible. The ear, while subjective and not quantifiable, is a very subtle instrument, especially when it's connected to a trained nervous system. The ear's findings, especially when they are considered carefully, should never be dismissed out of hand. They point the way to better science. James >>> [log in to unmask] 03/20/03 12:39PM >>> I remember the early days of digital at the AES when certain people reappeared regularly to tell us that "bits is bits." Then jitter, least significan bit and other digital ills were discovered, analyzed, understood and measuring equipment designed to quantify variations. I suspect the same will prove the pattern with CD writing programs as well. Steve Smolian ========================= Steven Smolian 301-694-5134 Smolian Sound Studios --------------------------------------------------- CDs made from old recordings, Five or one or lifetime hoardings, Made at home or concert hall, Text and pics explain it all. at www.soundsaver.com =========================