Of course. I should have made explicit that the string-manipulation is done on the abbreviated name, not the full form of the name: <authority> <name type="personal"> <namePart type="given">Bob T.</namePart> <namePart type="family">Smith</namePart> </name> </authority> <variant type="abbreviation"> <name type="personal"> <namePart type="given">R. T.</namePart> <namePart type="family">Smith</namePart> </name> </variant> (The record for Shin Ryu-un from an earlier post is another example of the abbreviation needing to be made explicit.) --Andy >>> [log in to unmask] 02/21/05 1:49 PM >>> Actually, wouldn't "Smith, Bob" become "Smith, R." if converted to initials? This stuff is always much more complicated than it looks at first glance. Stephen